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The following table is the result of exhaustive research by Chris Riser. It is current as of May, 2007. Very important: See the explanations at the bottom of the chart. This chart is meant to provide a starting place for research; it is not intended to provide any definitive answer on the subject. This chart is certainly not any substitute for the advice and counsel of a licensed attorney in the relevant state. General rules are generally inapplicable. In each state, there are likely cases that carve out exceptions to these exemptions, such as for alimony, proceeds of crime, and child support, etc. Federal tax liens are often not subject to state exemptions. For all these reasons, this chart should not be used as the primary basis for any legal decisions or to advise clients. Further research into the source materials and any court opinions that identify "exceptions to the exemptions" is required.

Asset Protection: State Information

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This tool provides asset protection research specific to each state in the United States, including:

  • Creditor Exemptions

  • Fraudulent Transfers

  • State Trust Acts

  • Business Entities

  • Other Useful Information

 

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State1

(opt out of federal exemptions in bankruptcy)		 Exemption for Tax-Qualified Retirement Plans, IRAs & Roth IRAs Homestead Exemption Exemption for Life Insurance Cash Value from Claims of Policyowner's Creditors Exemption for (Non-IRA / Non-ERISA) Annuity Cash Value and Payments from Claims of Owner's Creditors
FED1
BKRP		 100% exclusion for ERISA qualified plans. 100% exemption for SEP-IRA and SIMPLE IRA with no cap.  100% exemption for IRAs and Roth IRAs with $1MM cap (cap does not apply to rollover IRAs).

11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(12)		 $20,200

11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(1)		 $10,775

11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(8)		 Payments from an annuity on account of illness, disability, death, age, or length of service are exempt to the extent reasonably necessary for the support of the debtor and dependents.

11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(E)
AL

opt out		 100% for assets held in "qualified trust" as defined in IRC § 401(a). No Roth IRA protection.

Ala. Code § 19-3-1. 		 $5,000 / $10,000

Ala. Code § 6-10-2, 27-14-29		 100% for insurance on self or spouse payable to self, spouse or children.

Ala. Code §§ 6-10-8, 27-14-29, 27-14-30		 $250/mo annuity payments in the aggregate.

Ala. Code §§ 27-14-30, 27-14-32
AK 100%

Alaska Stat. § 09.38.017		 $67,500

Alaska Stat. § 09.38.010		 $12,500

Alaska Stat. § 09.38.017		 $12,500 cash value.

Alaska Stat. § 09.38.017
AZ 100%

Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 33-1126C		 $150,000

Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 33-1101A		 100%

Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 33-1126A6		 100%

Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 33-1126A7
AR IRA protection limited to $20,000.

Ark. Code Ann. § 16-66-220. However, see In re Holt, 894 F.2d 1005 (8th Cir. 1990) holding that Arkansas statutory exemptions are invalid as they violate the Arkansas Constitution.		 Unlimited for married and head-of-household residents (but once homestead attaches, not destroyed by death, divorce, or dependents' emancipation)

Ark. Const. art. 4		 None None
CA

 opt out		 Limited to to the extent reasonably necessary for support.

Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 704.115		 $50,000 single / $75,000 head of household / $150,000 over 65 or disabled.

Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 704.730		 $9,700 single / $19,400 married.

Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 704.100.		 Same as life insurance if annuity contract considered "life insurance" and not "investment."

In re Payne, 323 B.R. 723 (9th Cir. BAP 2005)
CO

opt out		 100%

Colo. Rev. Stat  § 13-54-102(1)(s)		 $45,000

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 38-41-201		 $50,000

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-54-102(1)(I)(I)(A)		 None

Annuity not "life insurance." In re Raymond, 132 Bankr. 53 (Bankr. D. Colo. 1991).
CT  100%

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-321a		 $75,000

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-352b(t)		 $4,000

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-352b(s)		 None
DE

opt out		 100%

Del Code Ann. § 10-4915		 $50,000

10 Del Code Ann. § 4914(c)(1)		 None $350/mo, plus amount needed for reasonable requirements of debtor and dependents.

18 Del Code Ann. § 6708
DC 100%

D.C. Code § 15-501(a)(9) & (10)		 Unlimited

D.C. Code § 15-501(a)(14)		 None (except for group life - 100%) $200/mo for prior two months
FL

opt out		 100%

Fla. Stat. Ann. §§ 121.131, 222.21		 Unlimited for 160 acres rural or 1/2 acre urban.

Fla. Stat. Ann. §§ 222.01, 222.02, Fla. Const. Art. X, § 4.		 100%

Fla. Stat. Ann. §222.14		 100% for beneficiary (including owner-beneficiary).

Fla. Stat. Ann. §222.14
GA

 opt out		 100% for undistributed interests; Distributions exempt to the extent reasonably necessary for support; No Roth IRA protection.

Georgia Code Ann. § 44-13-100(a)(2.1).		 $10,000 single / $20,000 married

Georgia Code Ann. § 44-13-100(a)(1).  Note: S.B. 133, which would raise the exemption to $50,000 / $100,000, was reported favorably by the Senate Judiciary Committee on 3/1/07.		 $2,000

Georgia Code Ann. § 44-13-100(a)(9). Additionally, § 33-25-11 provides that cash values are protected from creditors of insured, without specifying whether this includes owner-insured		 ?

Georgia Code Ann. § 33-28-7 provides that annuity proceeds are protected from creditors of beneficiary, without specifying whether this includes owner-beneficiary
HI 100% for funds deposited at least 3 years prior.

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 651-124		 $20,000 / $30,000 for head of household or over 65.

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 651-92(a)		 100%

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 431-10-232		 100%

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 431-10-232
ID

 opt out		 100%

Idaho Code §§ 11-604A, 55-1011		 $100,000

Idaho Code § 50-1003		 Beneficiary's right to proceeds and avails protected from insured's creditors

Idaho Code § 41-1833		 $1,250/month

Idaho Code § 41-1836
IL

opt out		 100%.

I.L.C.S. § 5/12-1006		 $15,000

I.L.C.S. §§ 5/12-901; 5/12-906		 100% for policy payable to dependent

I.L.C.S. § 5/12-1001(f)		 100% for annuity payable to dependent

I.L.C.S. § 5/12-1001(f)
IN

 opt out		 100%

Ind. Code Ann. § 55-10-2(c)(6)		 $15,000

Ind. Code Ann. § 34-55-10-2(b)(1)		 100% for policy payable to spouse, child, dependent or creditor.

Ind. Code Ann. § 27-1-12-14(e)		 100% for policy payable to spouse, child, dependent or creditor.

Ind. Code Ann. § 27-2-5-1(b)
IA

 opt out		 100%

Iowa Code Ann. § 627.6(8)(e), (f)		 Unlimited for 40 acres rural, 1/2 acre urban.

Iowa Code Ann. § 561.16		 100% for policy payable to spouse, child, dependent or creditor, but protection for policy acquired within 2 years or increases in value within 2 years limited to $10,000.

Iowa Code Ann. § 627.6(6)		 None.

In re Huebner, 986 F.2d 1222 (8th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 900.
KS

opt out		 100% for principal.

Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-2308.  No exemption for distributions. In re Moore, 214 B.R. 628 (Bankr.D.Kan. 1997)		 Unlimited for 160 acres rural or 1 acre urban.

Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-2301		 100% if policy held for more than 1 year.

Kan. Stat. Ann. § § 60-2313(a)(7), 40-414. In re Hodes, 308 B.R. 61 (10th Cir. BAP 2004)		 100% if policy held for more than 1 year.

Kan. Stat. Ann. § § 60-2313(a)(7), 40-414. 
KY 100%

Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 427.150(2)(f)		 $5,000

Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 427.060		 100%

304.14.300. In re Worthington, 28 B.R. 736 (Bankr. W.D. Ky, 1983)		 $350/month

Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 304.14-330
LA

 opt out		 100%

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 20:33(1), 13:3881(D) for funds deposited at least 1 year prior		 $25,000

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 20:1.  La. Const. Art. 12:9		 Interest of beneficiary in proceeds and avails 100% protected.

La. Rev. Stat Ann. § 22:647(A). Limited to $35,000 if issued within 9 months.		 100% protected.

La. Rev. Stat Ann. § 22:647(B). Limited to $35,000 if issued within 9 months.
ME

 opt out		 Limited to to the extent reasonably necessary for support.

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Tit. 14, § 4422(13)(E)		 $35,000 / $70,000 if minor dependents.

14 Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 4422(1)		 Interest of beneficiary in proceeds and avails 100% protected. Interest of owner protected up to $4,000.

14 Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 4422(10) and (11)		 $450/month

24-A Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 2428 and 2431
MD

opt out		 100%.

Md. Code Ann. Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 11-504(h)(1)		 None 100%

Md. Code Ann. Ins. § 16-111(a)		 100%

Md. Code Ann. Ins. § 16-111(a)
MA Limited to deposits equal to 7% of debtor's total income in preceding 5 years (though limitation likely not applicable to rollover IRAs).

Mass. Gen. L. Ch. 235 § 34A; 236 § 28		 $500,000 and $500,000 for each age 62+ or disabled person.

Mass. Gen. L. Ch. 188 §§ 1, 1A		 Interest of original beneficiary in proceeds 100% protected.

Mass. Gen. L. Ch. 175 § 125. Protection exempts cash value from claims of owner's creditors if beneficiary unchanged since issuance. In re Sloss, 279 B.R. 6 (Bankr. D. Mass 2002)		 None.
MI 100%

Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. §§  600.5451(1), 600.6023(1)(k). No protection for non-ERISA qualified plans.		 $30,000 / $45,000 if 65+ or disabled.

Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 600.5451(n)		 100%

Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 500.2207		 100%

Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 500.2207
MN IRA protection limited to $60,000 (adjusts for inflation).

Minn. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 550.37(24)		 $500,000 for 160 acres rural; $200,000 for 1/2 acre urban.

Minn. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 510.01		 $7,600

Minn. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 550.37(23)		 Interest of beneficiary in proceeds 100% protected.

Minn. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 61A.12
MS

 opt out		 100%

Miss. Code Ann. § 85-3-1(e)		 $75,000 for 160 acres.

Miss. Code Ann. § 85-3-21		 Interest of beneficiary in proceeds and avails 100% protected.

Miss. Code Ann. § 85-3-11. Limited to $50,000 if issued within 12 months.		 None
MO

 opt out		 Limited to to the extent reasonably necessary for support.

Mo. Ann. Stat. § 513.430.1(10)(e) and (f)		 $15,000.

Mo. Ann. Stat. § 513.475		 $150,000

Mo. Ann. Stat. § 513.430(8) 		 None

In re Stover, 332 B.R. 400 (Bankr. W.D.Mo.2005)
MT

 opt out		 100%

Mont. Code Ann. §§ 19-2-1004, 25-13-608, 31-2-106		 $100,000

Mont. Code Ann. § 70-32-104		 $4,000

Mont. Code Ann. § 25-13-609(4)		 None
NE

 opt out		 Limited to to the extent reasonably necessary for support.

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1563.01		 $12,500, limited to head of household.

Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 40-101 to -108		 $100,000 for cash value attributable to premiums paid at least three years prior.

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 44-371		 $100,000 for cash value attributable to premiums paid at least three years prior.

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 44-371
NV

 opt out		 Limited to a present value of $500,000

Nev. Rev. Stat. § 21.090(1)(q).		 $350,000

Nev. Rev. Stat. § 21.090(1)(l)		 All cash value attributable to premiums not exceeding $15,000/yr in the aggregate.

Nev. Rev. Stat. § 21.090(1)(k)		 $350/month

Nev. Rev. Stat. § 687B.290
NH 100%

N.H. Code Ann. § 511:2, XIX.   Statute applies only to extensions of credit and debts arising after 1/1/1999.  However, see In re Stewart, 246 B.R. 134 (Bankr. D.N.H. 2000), holding that post-1/1/99 provision preempted by 11 U.S.C.A. § 522(c).		 $100,000

N.H. Code Ann. § 480:1		 None

In re Monahan, 171 B.R. 710 (Bankr.D.N.H.1994)		 None
NJ 100%

N.J. Stat. Ann. § 25:2-1(b)		 None None $500/month

N.J. Stat. Ann. § 17B-24-7
NM 100%

N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 42-10-1, 42-10-2		 $60,000

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 42-10-9		 100%

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 42-10-3		 100%

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 42-10-3
NY

opt out		 100%

N.Y. Civ. Prac. L. and R. § 5205(c)		 $50,000

N.Y. Civ. Prac. L. and R. § 5206(a)		 100%

N.Y. Ins. Law § 3212(b). In re Mesinger, 29 F.2d 158 (2nd Cir. 1928)		 100%, however, court may order that debtor pay creditor "just and proper amount" with "due regard for  the  reasonable requirements" of the debtor and dependents.

N.Y. Ins. Law § 3212(d)
NC

opt out		 100%

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1C-1601(a)(9)		 $18,500 / $37,500 married

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1C-1601(a)(1)		 100% for insurance payable to spouse and/or children.

 N.C. Const. Art. X § 5; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1C-1601(a)(6) 		 None
ND

opt out		 $100,000 per account / $200,000 max. unless reasonably necessary for support.

N.D. Cent. Code § 28-22-03.1(3).		 $80,000

N.D. Cent. Code §§ 47-18-01, 28-22-02(7)		 $100,000 per policy / $200,000 max. for policies payable to a dependent and which have been in effect for at least one year.

N.D. Cent. Code § 28-22-04.1(3)		 $100,000 per policy / $200,000 max. for contracts payable to a dependent and which have been in effect for at least one year.

N.D. Cent. Code § 28-22-04.1(3)
OH

 opt out		 Limited to to the extent reasonably necessary for support.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2329.66(A)(10)(b) and (c). SEP-IRA not protected. In re Rayl, 299 B.R. 465.		 $5,000

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2329.66(A)(1)		 100% for policies payable to spouse, children or dependent

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2329.66(A)(6)(b), 3911.10		 100% for contracts payable to spouse, children or dependent.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2329.66(A)(6)(b), 3911.10
OK

opt out		 100%

31 Okla. St. Ann. § 1(A)(20)		 Unlimited for 160 acres rural, 1 acre urban.

31 Okla. St. Ann. § 2		 100%

36 Okla. St. Ann. § 3631.1		 100%

36 Okla. St. Ann. § 3631.1
OR

 opt out		 100%

Ore. Rev. Stat. § 18.358		 $39,600

Or. Rev. Stat § 18.395		 100% so long as owner's estate is not beneficiary.

Ore. Rev. Stat. § 743.046		 $500/mo aggregate.

Ore. Rev. Stat. § 743.049
PA 100%, except for amounts (1) contributed within 1 year (not including rollovers), (2) contributed in excess of $15,000 in a one-year period, or (3) deemed to be fraudulent conveyances.

42 Pa. C.S. §§ 8124(b)(1)(vii), (viii), (ix) 		 None  Income or return of $100/month

42 Pa. C.S. § 8124(c)(3)		 $100/month

42 Pa. C.S. § 8124(c)(3)
PR No statutory exemption. $15,000

31 P.R. Laws Ann. §§ 1851 to 1857		 100% if beneficiary is spouse legal representative of insured.

32 P.R. Laws Ann. § 1130(9).		 $250/month

26 P.R. Laws Ann. § 1135
RI 100%

R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-26-4(11), (12). No protection for non-ERISA qualified plans.		 $300,000

R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-26-4.1		 Non-owner, non-insured beneficiary's right to proceeds and avails protected from insured's creditors.

R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 27-4-12, 27-18-24 		 None
SC

opt out		 IRA exemption limited to to the extent reasonably necessary for support.

S.C. Code Ann. § 15-41-30(12)		 $50,000

S.C. Code Ann. § 15-41-30(1)		 $4,000

S.C. Code Ann. § 15-41-30(8)		 None
SD Limited to $250,000

S.D. Cod. Laws §§ 43-45-16, 17		 Unlimited for 160 acres rural, 1 acre urban

S.D. Cod. Laws § 43-45-3		 $20,000

S.D. Cod. Laws § 58-12-4		 $250/month

S.D. Cod. Laws § 58-12-8
TN

 opt out		 Principal 100% exempt. 

Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-2-105. Distributions 100% exempt to the extent they are on account of age, death, or length of service and debtor has no right or option to receive other than periodic payments at or after age 58		 $7,500 unmarried / $12,500 unmarried 62+ / $20,000 married and one spouse 62+ / $25,000 married and both spouses 62+.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-2-301		 100% for insurance payable to spouse, child or dependents.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-203. In re Huffines, 57 B.R. 740 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1985)		 100% for net amounts payable to spouse, child or dependents.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-203.
TX 100%

Tex. Prop. Code § 42.0021		 Unlimited for 100 acres rural (single) / 200 acres rural (family), 1 acre urban.

Tex. Const. Art. XVI, §§ 50, 51; Tex. Prop. Code §§ 41.001 to 002		 100%

Tex. Ins. Code § 1108.051		 100%

Tex. Ins. Code § 1108.051
UT

opt out		 100% except for amounts contributed within 1 year.

Utah Code Ann. § 78-23-5(1)(a)(xiv)		 $20,000 / $40,000 married

Utah Code Ann. § 78-23-3		 100% for the proceeds and avails, excluding any payments made on the contract during previous year.

Utah Code Ann. § 78-23-5(1)(a)(xii) 		 None
VT 100% except for amounts contributed to self-directed plans within 1 year.

12 Vt. Stat. Ann. § 2740(16)		 $75,000

12 Vt. Stat. Ann. § 2740(19)(D)		 100%

12. Vt. Stat. Ann. § 2740(18), 8 Vt. Stat. Ann. § 3706. In re Gabelhart, 138 B.R. 425 (Bankr. D. Vt. 1992)		 $350/month

8 Vt. Stat. Ann. §3709
VI No statutory exemption. $30,000

5 V.I. Code § 478(a)		 None None
VA

opt out		 Limited to interest in one or more plans sufficient to produce annual benefit of up to $25,000 (pursuant to actuarial table in statute).

Va. Code Ann. § 34-34		 $5,000

Va. Code Ann. § 34-4		 100% for policies payable to others.

Va. Code Ann. § 38.2-3122		 None
WA 100%

Wash. Rev. Code § 6.15.020		 $40,000

Wash. Rev. Code § 6.13.030		 100% for policies payable to others.

Wash. Rev. Code § 48.18.410		 $2,500/month

Wash. Rev. Code § 48.18.430
WV

opt out		 Principal 100% protected.  Exemption for distributions limited to to the extent reasonably necessary for support.

W. Va. Code § 38-10-4(j)(5). No Roth IRA protection.		 $25,000

W. Va. Code § 38-10-4(a)		 $8,000

W. Va. Code § 38-10-4(h)		 None
WI 100%, except that exemption for interest of "owner-employee" (50%+ owner) or interest in "owner-dominated" plans (90% of value for benefit of one or more owner-employees) limited to the extent reasonably necessary for support.

Wisc. Stat. Ann. § 815.18(3)		 $40,000

Wisc. Stat. § 815.20		 $150,000 (but $4000 for policies issued within 2 years).

Wisc. Stat. § 815.18(3)(f)		 $150,000 cash value (but $4000 for contracts issued within 2 years).

Wisc. Stat. § 815.18(3)(f)
WY

opt out		 100% exemption for qualified retirement plans.

Wy. Stat. Ann § 1-20-110(a)(i), (ii). No statutory exemption for IRAs.		 $20,000

Wy. Stat. Ann. § 1-20-101		 100%

Wy. Stat. Ann. § 26-15-129. In re Vigil, 74 Fed.Appx. 19 (10th Cir. 2003)		 $350/month

Wy. Stat. Ann. § 15-5-132(a)
 

Explanations and Cautions

1State Opt-Out
The federal bankruptcy laws provide their own creditor exemptions. However, states may "opt out" of the federal exemptions and instead require that debtors filing for bankruptcy in a federal bankruptcy district within that state apply the state exemptions instead. Note, however, that some federal bankruptcy provisions will always trump contrary state law no matter what.

2Exemption for Tax-Qualified Retirement Plans, IRAs & Roth IRAs
Assets held in an ERISA trust (not merely a "plan") are immune from creditors under the anti-alienation provisions of 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(1). Some states have adopted an exemption along the lines of "reasonably necessary for support". This means that the exemption will be determined by the courts on a case-by-case basis. Suffice it to say that there is a wide gulf between what the courts think is "reasonably necessary for support" and what most debtors think is "reasonably necessary for support" -- in most states, this exemption usually works out to less than $100,000 in practice. Finally, the determination of whether an IRA or retirement plan qualifies as such under state law is often very complicated where the state law looks to federal tax law.

3Homestead
Of all the exemptions, the one for homestead is the most straightforward. However, even it is fraught with complications. Federal tax liens are not defeated by state homestead exemptions. Vacation and second homes are not protected by state homestead exemptions.  Of course, residency is an issue too.  The new federal bankruptcy act enacted in 2005 complicates things even more.

4Exemption for Life Insurance Cash Value from Claims of Policyowner's Creditors
The exemption for life insurance is complicated. There are three parties involved in a life insurance policy: The insured against whose life the policy is measured; the owner who has the rights to any cash value in the policy; and the beneficiary who will receive the policy proceeds upon the death of the insured. The insured and the owner are often the same person. The good states will protect the owner's cash value against creditors of the owner. The bad states will not protect the life insurance at all, or will only protect proceeds that are paid to beneficiaries when the insured dies. A state that only protects the proceeds paid to beneficiaries does not protect the cash value of the owner, so if the owner has a creditor then the creditor can take out whatever cash value is in the life insurance policy thereby gutting it.

5Exemption for (Non-IRA / Non-ERISA) Annuity Cash Value and Payments from Claims of Owner's Creditors
Similar to the exemption for life insurance, the exemptions for annuities do not always protect the owner's cash value in the annuity. To get the benefit of the exemption, the owner may have to annuitize the annuity and start taking payments. Where the state exemption allows annuity payments for "support", this usually means such a small amount as to be nominal.

CAVEAT: Beware the conflict of laws issues! One of the biggest problems with the state exemptions is in knowing which state's exemptions will apply. For instance, if a debtor living in a state that protects IRAs has their IRA account in a state that does not protect IRAs (or in a brokerage firm with nationwide offices), then the IRA might not be protected. Because of these conflict of laws issues, exemption planning can be very difficult and is fraught with many landmines that might allow a creditor to collect in a situation where the debtor was believed to be protected.

What is the biggest problem with the state exemptions?
For the state exemptions to work, the debtor must own the assets in his or her own name. However, this means that the assets are trapped in the estate for purposes of federal estate taxes. For those with large estates, this means that they will eventually have a creditor (the federal government) who will assuredly take up to 55% of the value of the assets regardless of contrary state law. This result means that wealthy people should normally forget about attempting to maximize the state exemptions and instead concentrate on lifetime transfers of assets to trusts and other structures for the benefit of their heirs, which transfers if properly done also will move the assets and also their future investment growth out of the reach of unforeseen creditors.


 

 

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