Georgia

Warning: The following opinion is provided for purposes of discussion only. We have not Shepardized™ this opinion, and do not know the subsequent disposition of this case nor whether the effect of the opinion has been overruled or superceded by other law.

Gerschick v. Pounds,
2006 WL 2075690 (Ga.App. 07/27/2006)

Court of Appeals of Georgia

GERSCHICK et al.

v.

POUNDS.

Nos. A06A1400, A06A1401.

July 27, 2006.

Dennis Gerschick, Kennesaw, pro se.

William Leonard, Leonard & Swenson LLP, Atlanta, for Dennis Gerschick.

Henry Hibbert, Cromwell & Hibbert, Atlanta, for Sara Pounds.

MIKELL, Judge.

*1 This is the second appearance of this case before this Court. In Gerschick v. Pounds,FN1 (“ Gerschick I ”) we affirmed the grant of partial summary judgment to Robert Don Pounds on the issue of contribution in his action against Dennis Gerschick and Jane Freeland Gerschick. The underlying facts, as recited in part in Gerschick I, show that Gerschick, an attorney and CPA, represented Pounds and his son, Robert Van Pounds, in their lawsuit against Richard Todd Spurlin and Spurlin Industries, Inc.FN2 After Spurlin prevailed, the State Court of Fulton County awarded Spurlin $321,306 in attorney fees, entering judgment on July 16, 1999, in that amount against Don Pounds, Van Pounds, and Gerschick, jointly and severally.FN3 Don Pounds satisfied the judgment and sued Gerschick for contribution in the Superior Court of Cobb County, which granted partial summary judgment to Pounds against Gerschick for $107,102 in August 2002.FN4 Gerschick I affirmed that judgment. Pounds had also claimed that Gerschick had transferred his interest in the marital residence to his wife in a fraudulent attempt to avoid collection of the debt, and that claim remained pending when we issued Gerschick I.FN5

FN1. 262 Ga.App. 554 (586 S.E.2d 22) (2003).

FN2. Id.

FN3. Id.

FN4. Id. at 555.

FN5. Id. at 555, n. 4.

Don Pounds later died, and his wife, Sara Pounds, maintained the fraudulent conveyance action as executrix of her husband's estate. The claim was tried to a jury, which returned a verdict in favor of Mrs. Pounds. In the second phase of the bifurcated trial, the jury awarded her $108,312.92 in attorney fees pursuant to OCGA § 13-6-11. The court entered judgment for $107,102 against Gerschick as contribution with interest awarded from December 3, 1999, set aside the quitclaim deed conveying Gerschick's interest in the marital home to his wife, and entered another judgment against both Gerschicks on the jury's verdict for attorney fees. The Gerschicks appeal. In Case No. A06A1400, they argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion for a directed verdict on the fraudulent conveyance claim, improperly charged the jury on two issues, and erred in awarding interest accruing from 1999. We reverse the award of interest but otherwise affirm the judgments. In Case No. A06A1401, the Gerschicks appeal the order imposing a supersedeas bond. That appeal is dismissed as moot.

1. The Gerschicks contend that the trial court erred by denying their motion for a directed verdict on the fraudulent conveyance claim. At the outset, we note that “the standard of appellate review of the denial of a motion for directed verdict is the any evidence test.” FN6 “Where there is any evidence to support the jury verdict, it is proper to affirm the denial of the motion[ ], unless it is demanded as a matter of law, because the jury is the sole and exclusive arbiter of the weight and credit given to the evidence.” FN7 Mindful of this standard, we examine the Gerschicks' allegations.

FN6. (Citation omitted.) Rolleston v. Estate of Sims, 253 Ga.App. 182, 185(4) (558 S.E.2d 411) (2001).

FN7. (Citation and footnote omitted.) Bonner v. Smith, 247 Ga.App. 419(1) (543 S.E.2d 457) (2000).

(a) They first allege that their motion for a directed verdict should have been granted because Don Pounds was not a creditor at the time of the conveyance, as required by OCGA § 18-2-22,FN8 the statute in effect at that time. We disagree. Section 18-2-22 provided in pertinent part: “The following acts by debtors shall be fraudulent in law against creditors and others and as to them shall be null and void: ··· (2) Every conveyance of real or personal estate of any description had or made with intention to delay or defraud creditors, where such intention is known to the taking party.” FN9

FN8. OCGA § 18-2-22 was repealed on July 1, 2002, when Georgia enacted the Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act, OCGA § 18-2-70 et seq., but this repeal did not extinguish causes of action that arose under OCGA § 18-2-22 before that date. See Chepstow Ltd. v. Hunt, 381 F.3d 1077, 1087(III)(D) (11th Cir.2004).

FN9. (Emphasis supplied.) See Rolleston v. Cherry, 237 Ga.App. 733, 735(1) (521 S.E.2d 1) (1999), citing OCGA § 18-2-22.

*2 It has been held that, “[b]y its specific terms, the statute applies to ‘creditors and others.’ These ‘others' include plaintiffs with claims against debtors ‘liable as tortfeasors, or otherwise for an unascertained damage to person or property, so far as fraudulent conveyances are concerned.’ “ FN10 Based on this theory, we have held that a conveyance may still be fraudulent within the meaning of OCGA § 18-2-22 even if the plaintiff was not an actual creditor of the defendant at the time the quitclaim deed was filed.FN11 Thus, “the statute may be invoked where a person makes a conveyance with actual intent to defraud a future creditor or to defeat a debt which, though contemplated, is not yet in actual existence.” FN12

FN10. (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 735(1)(a).

FN11. See id. Accord Bonner, supra at 420(1).

FN12. (Footnote omitted; emphasis in original.) Hadlock v. Anderson, 246 Ga.App. 291, 294(1) (540 S.E.2d 282) (2000).

The evidence in the case at bar supports a finding that Gerschick made the conveyance with the intent to defraud a future creditor or to defeat a contemplated debt. The record and transcript show that Spurlin filed its motion seeking attorney fees pursuant to OCGA § 9-15-14 on May 2, 1997; that Gerschick was named as a party thereto and defended himself; that the hearing on the motion was held on July 6, 1999; that Spurlin's attorney drafted the order and submitted a copy to Gerschick prior to July 12; that the quitclaim deed was “rush recorded” on July 14, 1999; and that the final order, granting judgment against the Poundses and Gerschick jointly and severally in the amount of $321,306, was signed on July 16. Thus, there was evidence from which a jury could find that Gerschick executed the quitclaim deed “intending to defraud future creditors or to defeat contemplated debts.” FN13 It follows that the trial court did not err in denying the Gerschicks' motion for a directed verdict on the ground that Don Pounds was not a creditor at the time of the conveyance.

FN13. See id.

(b) The Gerschicks further assert that there was no evidence from which a jury could infer either Gerschick's intent to defraud or Mrs. Gerschick's knowledge of such intent, as required by OCGA § 18-2-22. They point to their own testimony that Mrs. Gerschick inherited $113,145 in 1998 in the form of two checks dated April 14 and June 25, respectively; that Mrs. Gerschick wanted to use the money to buy a larger house, which she wished to hold in her own name; that the contract to build the new house, which cost $342,453, was signed on April 15, 1998; that the Gerschicks moved into the new house in June 1999; and that they placed the title in both of their names in order to secure a mortgage. Gerschick testified that the lender told him to wait at least a month after the closing to transfer his interest in the property to his wife. Mrs. Gerschick testified that, although Gerschick had the deed prepared on July 1, she did not have it recorded until July 14 because that was the first time Gerschick could stay home with their four children and the construction workers. On cross-examination, Mrs. Gerschick testified that she and Gerschick had been married for 22 years; that she stays home with the children and pays all the bills; that Gerschick never told her that he had received a motion for attorney fees in May 1997 showing billing records of $268,000; that he never told her about the hearing on July 6, 1999, although it lasted well into the evening; and that he did not show her the order holding him jointly and severally liable for over $321,000, even though he received a copy of the draft order at least two days before she rush recorded the quitclaim deed.

*3 The question of the grantee's knowledge of the grantor's fraudulent intent is for the jury,FN14 and it “may be established either by proof of actual knowledge or by proof of circumstances sufficient to put [the] grantee on inquiry.” FN15 One such circumstance is a close familial relationship between the grantor and the grantee, and

FN14. Lewis v. Lewis, 210 Ga. 330, 332(2) (80 S.E.2d 312) (1954).

FN15. (Citation omitted.) Stokes v. McRae, 247 Ga. 658, 659(2) (278 S.E.2d 393) (1981).

[w]hen a creditor attacks a conveyance from a husband to a wife, slight circumstances may be sufficient to establish the existence of fraud. The burden is on the husband and the wife to show that the transaction as a whole was free from fraud. And it is for the jury to say whether the husband and the wife carried their burden in this regard.FN16

FN16. (Citations omitted.) Dearing v. A.R. III, Inc., 266 Ga. 301, 302(1) (466 S.E.2d 565) (1996). Accord Bonner, supra at 420-421(1).

In addition, “inadequacy of price, taken in connection with other circumstances of a suspicious nature, raises a vehement presumption of fraud.” FN17 Here, there was circumstantial evidence of fraud. No valuable consideration was given for the transfer, and Gerschick testified that he was an expert in estate planning, including the protection of assets from claims of creditors. The circumstances, as well as the timing of the transfer, as outlined above in subsection (a), provided ample evidence of Gerschick's intent to defraud Pounds. Moreover, Mrs. Gerschick's testimony did not demand a directed verdict on the issue of her knowledge of her husband's fraudulent intent. “[A] juror is at liberty, dependent upon the circumstances of the case, to disbelieve any testimony of any or all of the witnesses in a case.” FN18

FN17. (Footnote omitted.) Hadlock, supra at 293(1). Accord Stinchcomb v. Wright, 278 Ga.App. 136, 142(4) (628 S.E.2d 211) (2006).

FN18. (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State Housecraft v. Jones, 96 Ga.App. 182, 184(1) (99 S.E.2d 701) (1957).

Finally, Albee v. Krasnoff,FN19 relied on by the Gerschicks, does not mandate a contrary result. In that decision, we affirmed the grant of summary judgment to the defendants on the claims of plaintiffs, investors in Casko Investment Company, for breach of a personal guaranty, breach of contract, fraud, and fraudulent conveyance of property, inter alia.FN20 Krasnoff and John Cason co-owned Casko, and Krasnoff was president. Casko provided first mortgages serviced by SGE Mortgage Finance Company, of which Cason was president.FN21 The plaintiffs received regular payments on their investment for eight years, then checks payable to them began to bounce in 1998.FN22 After an investigation revealed that Cason was embezzling money from SGE, Krasnoff filed a receivership petition against Cason and SGE. FN23 Plaintiffs lost over five million dollars, and Krasnoff lost over two million dollars due to the insolvency of both companies.FN24 The plaintiffs' fraudulent conveyance claim against Krasnoff was based on his transfer of his house to his wife and to a family trust in 1993.FN25 In affirming the grant of summary judgment on this issue, we held: “the undisputed testimony of Krasnoff and his wife revealed that the house was conveyed for estate planning purposes, and we find no circumstances from which a jury could infer that defendants acted with an intent to defraud creditors based on this transaction.” FN26

FN19. 255 Ga.App. 738 (566 S.E.2d 455) (2002).

FN20. Id.

FN21. Id.

FN22. Id. at 739.

FN23. Id.

FN24. Id.

FN25. Id.

FN26. Id. at 744(6).

The Gerschicks argue that Albee is apposite and controlling because of their testimony that the house was conveyed for estate planning purposes. We disagree. Albee is distinguishable because, unlike in the present case, there were no circumstances of fraud. Krasnoff conveyed the property at least five years before evidence of his partner's embezzlement came to light, whereas Mrs. Gerschick rush-recorded the deed transferring her husband's interest in the marital homeplace to herself approximately two days after her husband received a draft copy of the order which would shortly hold him jointly and severally liable for $321,306. It follows that Albee does not require reversal of the judgment in this case.

*4 2. The Gerschicks next contend that the trial court erred in charging the jury, over their objection, that “[i]t is not necessary for a defendant to be indebted to plaintiff at the time of the transfer for the statute to apply.” The Gerschicks argue that this charge was an inaccurate and incomplete statement of the law. We find no error. The charge is nearly a direct quote from Hadlock v. Anderson,FN27 and is adjusted to the evidence in this case. As noted above, there was evidence that Gerschick made the conveyance with actual intent to defraud a future creditor. Moreover, the court fully and completely charged the law on fraudulent conveyances, including OCGA § 18-2-22(2). Read and considered as a whole, the court's charge was an accurate statement of the law and was authorized by the evidence.FN28

FN27. Supra at 294(1).

FN28. See Merrell v. Beckwith, 263 Ga. 779, 782(2) (439 S.E.2d 488) (1994) (jury charge must be considered as a whole).

3. In their fifth enumerated error, the Gerschicks argue that the trial court erred in charging the jury on bad faith as an avenue of recovery for attorney fees pursuant to OCGA § 13-6-11. This Code section permits the jury to award expenses of litigation and attorney fees if it determines the defendant has acted in bad faith, has been stubbornly litigious, or has caused the plaintiff unnecessary trouble and expense.FN29 Nevertheless, the Gerschicks contend that, because of the way the pretrial order stipulated that the issue of fees would be presented, the jury should have been limited to deciding whether defendants had been stubbornly litigious or had caused the plaintiff unnecessary trouble and expense. We disagree.

FN29. Forsyth County v. Martin, 279 Ga. 215, 219(2)(b) (610 S.E.2d 512) (2005)

A pretrial order limits the issues for trial and controls the subsequent course of the action unless modified at trial to prevent manifest injustice. FN30 “Nonetheless, a pretrial order should be liberally construed to allow the consideration of all questions fairly within the ambit of the contested issues.” FN31

FN30. OCGA § 9-11-16(b).

FN31. (Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Parks v. Breedlove, 241 Ga.App. 72, 73(1) (526 S.E.2d 137) (1999).

Here, the pretrial order stipulated that the issue of attorney fees would be presented to the jury in a second phase of the trial if a plaintiff's verdict was returned on the fraudulent conveyance issue. The order provided that the jury first would be asked whether there was a bona fide controversy. If the answer was no, then the jury would decide whether attorney fees should be awarded. The order also contained the proposed verdict forms. The form as to attorney fees permitted the jury to find that Gerschick “has been stubbornly litigious or has caused Plaintiff unnecessary trouble and expense during the litigation or has acted in bad faith prior to the institution of suit in the underlying transaction.” Thus, the pretrial order did not, as the Gerschicks contend, exclude bad faith as an avenue of recovery, and the trial court did not err in charging the jury that it could award attorney fees if the defendants had acted in bad faith, had been stubbornly litigious, or had caused the plaintiff unnecessary trouble and expense.

The Gerschicks also contend that the court compounded its error when it subsequently charged the jury, over objection, that “where a jury is authorized to find fraud, it is authorized to find bad faith.” This charge was taken from St. Paul Fire, etc. Ins. v. Clark,FN32 where we held that, “[b]ecause the jury was authorized to find fraud, it was also authorized to find bad faith.” FN33 The holding in St. Paul was based on the well-settled principle that “ ‘[e]very intentional tort invokes a species of bad faith and entitles a person so wronged to recover the expenses of litigation including attorney fees.’ “ FN34 While we do not necessarily approve of the charge given by the trial court, we cannot agree that it constitutes reversible error. The Gerschicks' sole argument is that the charge “compounded an error.” As the trial court did not err in charging on bad faith, there was no error to compound. Therefore, this enumerated error is without merit.

FN32. 255 Ga.App. 14 (566 S.E.2d 2) (2002) (subsequent history omitted). See also Plane v. Uniforce Mis Svcs. of Ga., 232 Ga.App. 757, 761(2) (503 S.E.2d 621) (1998).

FN33. (Citation omitted.) St. Paul, supra at 24(5)(a).

FN34. Id., citing Hudspeth v. A & H Constr., 230 Ga.App. 70, 72(3)(a) (495 S.E.2d 322) (1997).

*5 4. Gerschick argues that the judgment awarding Mrs. Pounds $107,102 in contribution against him erroneously assessed interest from December 3, 1999, the date upon which Don Pounds satisfied the underlying judgment of $321,306. We agree.

The order does not state the reason for awarding interest from that date. With regard to the contribution claim, the complaint prays for interest from “July 23, 1998 pursuant to OCGA § 7-4-12.” FN35 Presumably, the 1998 date is a typographical error, and the prayer refers to the joint and several judgment filed on July 23, 1999. In any event, OCGA § 7-4-12 provides that all money judgments bear post-judgment interest from the date of entry. Gerschick agrees that this Code section governs the award of interest but argues that interest runs from the date of the instant judgment assessing contribution against him. On appeal, Mrs. Pounds contends that the issue is controlled by OCGA § 9-13-78. That statute, however, simply provides a method of enforcing contribution from a joint defendant; FN36 it does not purport to control an award of interest. OCGA § 10-7-51 authorizes the award of interest running from the date of a co-surety's payment of a joint obligation, but this statute applies to contribution actions arising from joint instruments executed by the sureties.FN37 It does not apply to joint tortfeasors. Gerschick I established that Gerschick, Don Pounds and Van Pounds were joint tortfeasors. FN38 As there is no legal basis for the trial court's award of interest from December 3, 1999, that portion of the judgment is reversed.

FN35. Compare OCGA § 7-4-15: “All liquidated demands, where by agreement or otherwise the sum to be paid is fixed or certain, bear interest from the time the party shall become liable and bound to pay them.”

FN36. See generally City of Rome v. Southern R., 50 Ga.App. 185 (177 SE 520) (1934).

FN37. See OCGA § 10-7-50; see also Murphy v. McCaughey, 262 Ga.App. 570, 571-572(1) (586 S.E.2d 16) (2003).

FN38. Gerschick I, supra at 556(2).

Case No. A06A1401

In this case, the Gerschicks appeal the trial court's order setting a supersedeas bond in the amount of $215,414.92 for their appeal in Case No. A06A1400. That appeal is now decided, and the appeal as to the propriety of imposing the supersedeas bond is dismissed as moot.

Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part in Case No. A06A1400. Appeal dismissed as moot in Case No. A06A1401.

BLACKBURN, P.J., and ADAMS, J., concur.

The legal opinions are a matter of public record (that's how we got them), and as such there can be no defamation for republishing them. Sometimes, however, legal opinions are reversed, vacated, or significantly modified, etc., and we do not discover this fact until somebody points it out to us. As we do not desire to publish inaccurate or outdated information, if a legal opinion has been reversed, vacated, or significantly modified, please advise us of this fact immediately, by fax to (877) 698-0678 or you may also send regular postal correspondence to Riser Adkisson LLP at 1827 Powers Ferry Road, Building One, Suite 200, Atlanta GA 30339.